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Deciphering Fungal Morphogenesis

 

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Siu-Wai Chiu & David Moore

 

Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, China

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School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U. K.

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Àç¾i¥Íªø»PÁc´Þ¨S¦³½Ä¬ð¡A«áªÌ¥Nªí²Ó­M¤À¤Æ¡A¦Ó«eªÌªº«ùÄò¥Íªø´£¨Ñ¦¨ªø¤¤ªº¤l¹êÅé¾÷±ñ¤ä«ù©MÀç¾i¡CÀç¾iµßµ·¥H¤ÀªK (branching) ©M³»ºÝ¥Íªø (apical growth) (¨£Chapter 2  mode of filamentous growth) ÂX¤j¸s¸¨­ÓÅéÅé¿n¡A®ð¥Íµßµ·¹ï»¤¾É (¥i¯à¬O¤º·½ªº¥Í²z©P´Á©Î¥~·½«H®§¦p¥ú©M·Å«×ªºªi°Ê) ªº¤ÏÀ³¬O¡G°±¤î¥Íªø¡Aªí­±§Ê¦ùªº¯e¤î«P¶i®ð¥Íµßµ·¤À¤Æ¡C­Y»¤¾É¬O«ü¥ú·Ó¡A®ð¥Íµßµ·¯e¤î¦ý²`¼hµßµ·Ä~Äò¥Íªø¡A¶W¶Vªí­±µßµ·¥Íªø½u¡A¥t¥~¡A±q²`¼hµßµ·¦V¤W¤ÀªKªº¥Íªø§Î¦¨·sªºªí­±§Ê¦ù¡A³o¼Ë¤U´N²£¥Í¸`«ß©Ê¥Íªø (rhythmic growth) ¡A¦p¡G¦P¤ßÀôª¬ªºµßµ·Åé (²ÊÁWÌUµß¥X²{©úÅ㪺¤é¸`«µ¥Íªøcircadian growth in Neurospora crassa) ©Î¦â¯À¥Í²£§Î¦¡ (pigmentation in Ganoderma lucidumÆFªÛ)¡C

 

 

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Hawker (1939) µo²{³æ¿}¾A¦XµL©Ê¥Í´Þ¦ÓÂù¿}©M¦h¿}¸û¾A¦X¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ (nutrient¡Aµå¸²¿}´Nºâ¬O§C¿@«×¤]·|§í¨îµ²¹ê (Weste, 1970; Moore-Landecker, 1975, 1987) ¦Ó»ñ§ÀÛ£(Pleurotus pulmonarius) ¦b³ÁªÞ¿}°ö¾i°ò¤Uªºµ²¹ê®É¶¡»·¤ñ¦bµå¸²¿}°ö¾i°òªºµu (Chiu & To, 1993)¡AHawker (1939) µý©ú¤g¾`¦b5%µå¸²¿}¤U¤£¶i¦æ¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¡A¦ý­Yµå¸²¿}¬O¤À¦h¦¸»¼¥[¦Ü5%®É¡A©Ê¾¹©x«K¯à¥X²{¡CHawker (1939) ªº¬ã¨s¤â¬qÅý§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨ì¡G©³ª«ªº¨ÑÀ³³t«×©M¤è«Kµ{«×¦¨¤FÁc´Þªº¨M©w¦]¯À¡AHawker & Chaudhuri (1946) §óµý©ú­YºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¥H¤¤±e³t«×¤ô¸Ñ¡A¾A¤¤¦Óí©wªº¤»ºÒ¿}¨ÑÀ³¨ë¿E§Î¦¨³Ì¤j¶qªº¤l¹êÅé­ì°ò¡C«á¨Óªº¬ã¨s§óµo²{¡G¾A¦Xªº¥~Àç¾i¥u¬O¤Þµo¤º¦b¥NÁªº½Õ±±¡A³o«K¬OÀç¾i¥Íªø»PÁc´ÞªºÃö«Y¡C

 

 

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¯uµß­°¸Ñ´Óª«»G´Ó½è©Ò§l¦¬ªº¥D­n´á·½¬°³J¥Õ½è¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¡G´Óª«³J¥Õ¡B¤ì½è¯À³J¥Õ©M·L¥Íª«ªº³J¥Õ¡C¯uµßªºÅé¥~³J¥Õ¥D­n¨ü¨î©ó»¤¾É§@¥Î (induction)¡CÅé¥~³J¥Õ¤ô¸Ñ¦h©³ª«ªº¡A¥¦±N³J¥Õ½è©M(ÁY®ò»Ä)ªºÁä¤ô¸Ñ¡A¤Á¦¨²Ó¤pªº¤ùÂ_ª½¦Ü®ò°ò»Ä¤ùÂ_¬°¤î¡C³J¥Õ½è¥i§@¬°ºÒ¡B´á©M²¸·½¡AÁaµMÀô¹Ò¥i¯à¦³¨¬°÷®ò¡B¸²µå¿}©M²¸»Äªº¨ÑÀ³¡A¥u­n³J¥Õ½è¬O¥i¥Îªº¡A¯uµß´N¥Í²£³J¥Õ¡A¦]¦¹¡A³J¥Õ½è¤~¬O­º¿ïªº©³ª«¡C·í³J¥Õ½è§@¬°°ß¤@ºÒ·½®É¡A°ö¾i²~ªºÓi°òÆQ¿@«×´N·|¼@¼W¡A®òÆQ°ò¬O¥Ñ·L¥Íª«¨Ï¥Î³J¥Õ½è·íºÒ·½¦Ó±Æªnªº²£«~¡CMoore-Landecker (1993) ºî­zµo²{¡GºÒ¤ñ´á (C/N) ªº°ª¤ñ¨Ò·|¨ë¿E©ÊÁc´Þ¡A ¦Ó³o¾A¦XªºC/N¥i¥Ñ30¡G1 ¦Ü 5¡G1 ¤§¤ñ¡C°ª¿@«×®ò°ò»Ä¤Ï¤£§Q¤l¹êÅ骺¦¨¼ô¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó°ª¿@«×¤U²£¥Í¤j¶qªº´á±Æªnª«-®òÂ÷¤l¡C

 

¦b¯Æ¯Æ´á·½¤¤¡A®òÂ÷¤l (ammonium) ³q±`§í¨î¤l¹êÅ馨ªø¡A¤£¹L¡AÁT¤W¥Íªøªº¯uµß (dung fungi) ¨ü°ª¿@«×ªº®òÂ÷¤l/®ò®ð (ammonium/ ammonia) »¤¾É¤Uµ²¹ê¡CµL½×¦p¦ó¡A®òÂ÷¤lªº¬r®`¥]¬A¡G¼vÅT°ö¾i°òªºpH­È¡A©M§í¨î¥NÁªº§@¥Î¡CRoss & Bremner (1971) µo²{¦P®É²K¥[ºÒ»Ä¶t¥h±±¨îpH­È¡AÄ«ªG¶Â¬Pµß (Venturia inaequalis) ´Nºâ¦b®òÂ÷¤lªº°ö¾i°ò¤W¡A·|¥Í²£¤l¹êÅé¡C¥t¥~¡A¦³¨Ç¯uµß [¦p¡G¸º¦ä¯ó (Cordyceps militaris)] ¨ü³J¥Õ½è¨ë¿E¦Óµ²¹ê¡A¾÷²z¬O¡G½wºCªºÅé¥~³J¥Õ½è¤À¸Ñ´£¨Ñ¤F¤@í°·¦Ó¿@«×§Cªº®ò°ò»Ä (Basith & Madelin, 1968)¡C

 

Chiu & Moore (1988b) µý©úÓiÂ÷¤l (ammonium ion) ©M¨¦®ò»Ä (glutamine) ªý¤î¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ¾á¤lªº¤À¤Æ¡A ¾á¤l°±¤î²£ÌU¤l¦ÓÀç¾iµßµ·¦b¾á¤l¥ÍªøÂIªø¥X¨Ó¡C¦b´ú¸ÕpH©M®ò (²¸»Ä©M´âÂ÷¤l)¿@«×¼vÅT®É¡A µo²{¡G pH ­È¬°6-8®É¡A Åé¥~®â°öªºµßÁ·Ä~Äòµo¨|¡A °ªpH­È©M®òÂ÷¤l¿@«×¹F50mM«K§í¨îµßÁ·µo¨|¡A ²¸»Ä¹[©M´â¤Æ¹[«o¨S¦³³o®ÄªG¡A ¦P¼Ë¦a¡A §Q¥Î·L°w±N20 £gl ªº 1M¿@«×®òÂ÷¤lª`®g¨ì¦~¥®ªº°­³Êµß»\¤º¡A ·|§½³¡ªý¤îµo¨|¡A§Î¦¨¶Â»\¤Wªº¥Õ°Ï (°­³Ê¥Í²£¶Â¾áÌU¤l¡A ¦]¦Ó¦¨¼ô´ÁªºµßÁ·¬O¶Â¦âªº) ¡C

 

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±q¨â®è¾á¤lµß¦Ò¬dÀç¾i»P¦h²Ó­Mµ²ºc§ÎºAµo¨|ªºÃö«Y¡Aµo²{¡G¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ²£¥Í¾á¤lªG®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤º¥X²{ÅܤơF²Ä¤@­Ó¾á¤lªG¦b¬ù 100¤p®É«á¥X²{¡A´î¼Æ¤Àµõ«h©ó200¤p®Éµo¥Í¡A©M¦b¬ù 250¤p®É«áÄÀ©ñ¤j¶q¾áÌU¤l¡C·í¾á¤lªG¥X²{®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤ºªº¿}©M£\-®ò°òªº´á³£³Q¯ÓºÉ¡A¦ýÁ`´á¶q«o¦]¬°¦³¤j¶qªº®òÆQ°ò(¨Ï¥Î§t®ò°òªº»Ä°µ¬´·½®É²£¥Í)³QÄÀ©ñ¨ì°ö¾i°ò¦Ó«O«ù¤£ÅÜ¡C¬Û¤ñ¦b¤ÑµMÀô¹Ò¤U¡A¯uµß§l¦¬Àç¾i®É±À°Ê²BÂ÷¤l¬¦ (hydrogen pump) ¦Ó²£¥ÍÆPpH­È¡A¦]¦Ó±N®òÆQ°ò§ï¦¨®ò®ð¡A¦AÂǵۭ·©M«BÅX´²³o®ò®ð (Stewart & Moore, 1974)¡C¦ÓµõÁ·µß (Schizophyllum commune) µ²¹ê®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤º´á©MºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«µo¥ÍÅܤơC¾á¤lªG¦b100¤p®É«á¥X²{©M³vº¥¦¨¼ô¡A¦¹®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤º¸²µå¿}¦P¼Ë¦a±µªñ¯ÓºÉ¡A¦ý¦b¨ä«áªº100¤p®É¤º¡AÀç¾iµßµ·Å餺ªººÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª««o¥X²{¿n»E¡A¨ä§t¶q¬Û¹ï¾á¤lªGªººÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¶q¬°°ª¡A¥t¤@¤è­±¡A´á±qÀç¾iµßµ·¹B°e¨ì¾á¤lªG²Õ´¥h§@­«·s¤À°t (Wessels, 1965)¡Cµ²½×¡GÀç¾iµßµ·Åé§y¿nª«ÀHµÛ¤l¹êÅ骺¦¨¼ô¦Ó®ø¥¢¡A¨ì¤l¹êÅéµo¨|«á´Á¡A¨äÀç¾i´£¨Ñ¾aµßµ·Å餺·½¦Ó«D¥~·½ªº©³ª«¡A©Ò¥H¡A°ö¾i°ò¤ºªº¸²µå¿}¯ÓºÉ®É¡A¾á¤lªG¤´¯à§¹¦¨µo¨|¡C

 

 

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¨ü¨ì¥ú©Î·Å«×ÆJ­°¨ë¿E¤U¡A¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus)²£¥Í¾á¤lªG (basidiome)¡A­Y¥ú©Î·Å«×±ø¥ó¤£¾A¦X¡A µßµ·¥u·|§Î¦¨µß®Ö (sclerotium)¡Cµß®Ö¬JµM¬O©è§Ü©Ê©M¥i¶V¦h¦~ªºµ²ºc¡A¥~³¡¥Ö¼h¬Oºò±K±Æ¦C¡B«p¾À©M·t¦â²Ó­M©Ò§Î¦¨«OÅ@©M¤£³z®ðªºªí¼h(Sussman, 1968; Coley-Smith & Cooke, 1971; Willetts, 1971)¡C ¥D­nªºµß®Ö²Õ´¬O¤º³¡ªºµßÅè¡A ¨ä²Ó­MÀx¦s¨x¿}¡B»EÁC»Ä¡B³J¥Õ½è©M¯×ªÕµ¥ª«½è¦p²Ó­M½è²É©Î¥[«pªº²Ó­M¾ÀÅÖºû (Waters et al., 1972) ¡A ·íµß®ÖµoªÞ§Î¦¨µßµ·¡BÌU¤l©Î¤l¹êÅé®É¡AÀx¦sª««K·|³Q­°¸Ñ¡C

Mattews & Niederpruem (1973) ¨£¨ì¤l¹êÅé­ì°ò¥ý¥Ñ©³³¡¿n»E¨x¿}¡Aµß»\ºCºC¦a¤]¥X²{¿n»E (Moore et al., 1979) ¡A ÀH¥Íªøªº§ïÅÜ¡A µß¬`ªº¿n»E®ø¥¢¡AµßÁ·ªº¿n»E·U¨Ó·U¦h¡A¦Ó¥B¥D­n¶°¤¤¤l¹ê¼h¤U¼h (Bonner et al., 1957; McLaughlin, 1974; Moore et al., 1979; Gooday, 1985) ¡A ³o®É­è¬O²Ó­M®Ö¿Ä¦X (karyogamy) ªº®É¶¡ (Moore et al., 1979) ¡A¨x¿}¦bÌU¤l¦¨¼ô®É¥þ³Q§Q¥Î¡C¦¹¥~¡A´î¼Æ¤Àµõ©Î¥H«áªº¥~´ÞÅéµßÁ·¥X²{´î¤pª½±µµ²¹êªº±¡ªp¡A ³o®É´ÁªºµßÁ·¥X²{¨x¿}·»¸Ñ©M³Q¨Ï¥Îªº±¡ªp (Moore et al., 1987) ¡A¦bµß»\´£¨ú²G¤¤§ä¤£¨ì£\-Õ௻¡A¨x¿}­°¸Ñ¬O¥Ñ¨x¿}ÁC»Ä­t³dªº (glycogen & breakdown)¡C Brunt & Moore (1989) ´N¬ã¨s¨x¿}¶q (³Ì°ª¥i¹FÁ`¬´¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«°®­«ªº0.024%) ©M­«·sµ²¹êªºÃö«Y¡A ¥L­Ì±Nµß¬`©³¤Î³»³¡©Mµß»\²Õ´©ñÀç¾i°ö¾i°ò (¤º§t³Á¤ú»I¡B»Ã¥À´£¨úª«©M¸²µå¿}) ¤W¡A ¹êÅ礤§ä¨ì¥¿¬ÛÃöÃö«Y (positive correlation) ¡A ¨ä¬ÛÃö¨ç¼Æ (correlation coefficient) ¥­¤è­È¬O0.88¡C¥i¬O¡A­Y±N¥Õ¨ß¨x¿}²K¥[¨ì°ö¾i°ò¤W¡A ª½±µµ²¹ê²v«o¤£·|´£°ª(Ji & Moore, 1993)¡C¥t¤è­±¡A »ñ§ÀÛ£ (Pleurotus pulmonarius) «h§ä¤£¨ì¨x¿}©Mª½±µµ²¹êªºÃö«Y (Chiu & To, 1993)¡CÀç¾iªº¹B¿é¬O¤£Â_¥Ñµß¬`¨ìµß»\ªº¡A ¦Ó¨x¿}¦bµß»\¿n»E¡A ´N¬O´£¨Ñ¥H«áµo¨|ªº©Ò»Ý¡A ¦³²Õ´ªº¤º²Ó­M¹B¿é¥´±qÀç¾iµßµ·¶}©l¨ì¤l¹êÅéµß¬`ª½¹Fµß»\¡A ¥Ñµß»\¦y¨ìµß»\Åè¿ç®gª¬¦a¶Ç¨ìµßÁ·¡A ­n¯d·Nªº¬O¡G Àç¾iª«¤]¦³¥Ñµß»\¨ìµß¬`ªº¦^¬y¡A ¦Óªì¥ÍµßÁ·¤]ª½±µ¥Ñµß¬`±µ¦¬Àç¾iª«¡A °­³Ê¤l¹êÅé©Mµßµ·´Á³£±Ä¥Î¨x¿}¦X¦¨-­°¸Ñªº´`Àô¡A ­ì¦]¬O¡G ¥H¯à¶q®Ä¯q¨Ó»¡¡G ¨C¤À¸Ñ¤@¸²µå¿}©ÒÄÀ©ñªº6%¯à¶q (§Y37 ­ÓATP¤À¤l¤¤ªº¨â­Ó)´N¥i§@¸²µå¿}¡÷¨x¿}¡÷¸²µå¿}¡÷¨x¿}ªº´`Àô¡A ¥H³æ¿}©ÎÂù¿}¹B¿é¤ñ¹B¿é¦h¿}Ãþªº¯à¶q®ø¯Ó¬°§C¡A ¦]¦¹¡A ¨x¿}¦X¦¨-­°¸Ñªº´`Àô¬O¤@¦X²z¦³®Äªº¤À°tºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«ªº¤èªk¡C

 

 

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²ÊÁWÌUµß (Neurospora crassa) ©MÆC°s»Ã¥À (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)ªºNAD-¨¦Ói»Ä²æ²B (NAD- glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-GDH) ­t³d­°¸Ñªº¨¤¦â (¨¦®ò»Ä ¡÷ 2-®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ + ®òÆQ°ò¡F glutamate ¡÷ 2-oxoglutarate + ammonium ) ¡A¦Ó NADP - ³sµ²¬O¦X¦¨¥NÁ¥Ϊº (2 -®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ + ®òÆQ°ò ¡÷ ¨¦®ò»Ä) (Sanwal & Lata, 1961; Holzer et al., 1965) ¡CSanwal & Lata (1962) §ó¶i¤@¨B´£Ä³³o¤G­Ó¬O¬Û¤¬½Õ±±ªº¡C³o¨ÇÆ[©À¨Ã¤£¬Oª÷¬ì¥É«ß¡AStine (1968) ¦bNeurosporaªºÁ¡¾ÀÌU¤lµÞµo´Á¨Ã¨S¦³µo²{¥ô¦ó¬Û¤¬½Õ±±³o¤G­Óªº³W«h¡C¦Ó Dennen & Niederpruem (1967) ±NµõÁ·µßªº³æ®Öµßµ·±q¨¦®ò»Ä°ö¾i°ò¾E²¾¨ì®òÆQ°ò°ö¾i°ò¡ANADP-GDH ³Q¬¡¤Æ¡A¦ý NAD - GDH «h¨S¦³¤ÏÀ³¡C·í Casselton  (1976)µo²{®òÆQ°ò¦P¤Æ¨t²Î¤¤¦³¨¦®ò»Ä¦X¦¨/¤Ò»Ä¦w¦X¦¨®É¡A±¡ªp´N§ó¥[½ÆÂø¡C¤£¹L¡A°­³Ê¨Ã¨S¦³¨¦®ò»Ä¦X¦¨¡A°­³Ê¾Ö¦³¤G­Ó GDH ¡A¦¹¥~¡Aµßµ·ªº NAD-GDH µL½×¥Íªø±¡ªp¬O§_»Ý¨D¥h®ò©Î¨î®ò³£ªí²{°ª¬¡©Ê¡ANAD-GDH ©M NADP-GDH³£¨Sªí²{¬Û¤¬½Õ±±¡A©Ò¥H¡A§Ú­Ì¬Û«H: °­³ÊªºNAD-GDH¥i¦]À³Àô¹Ò»Ý­n¡A¦Ó§@²æÓi©M¨îÓi¡A¦ý NADP-GDH ¬O»P¤l¹êÅéµo¨|¤¤ªº¾á¤l¤À¤Æ¦³Ãö«Yªº¡C

 

Moore & Ewaze (1976) ½×­z: ¦b°­³Ê¤l¹êÅ餤¡ANAD-GDH ªº¦s¦b©Î³\»P¤Tßn»Ä´`Àô©Ò»Ýªº2-®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ¥h®ò§@¥Î¦³Ãö (¨£Chapter 3) ¡A¦ýNADP-GDHªº¥\¯à¤S«ç¼Ë? ¤G­Ó³£¦³¤£¦Pªº¬¡°Ê©Ê½è (Al-Gharawi & Moore, 1977) ¡ANADP - GDH ®i²{¹ï2 -®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ ©M NADPH©³ª«ªº¥¿­±§@¥Î¡A¹ï NADP+ ªº­t­±¤ÏÀ³¡A©M¹ï®òÆQ°ò·¥±Ó·Pªº§í¨î¥h®ò§@¥Î¡CNADP - GDH¹ï2 ¡V ®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQªº¤ÏÀ³¡A´N¬O¦nÅý©³ª«¼W¥[­P 4 mM ³o¤@ ­­¨î¿@«×¡AµM«áNADP ¡V GDH¤~¹F­P³Ì°ª¬¡©Ê (Al-Gharawi & Moore, 1977)¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡ANAD-GDH ¥Î NADH ªí¥Ü¥¿­±ªº¦X§@©Ê¡A¦Ó»P¨ä¥L©³ª«¥uªí²{¦Ì³Í§Q´µ ¡V ªù¹y¤½¦¡ªº°Ê¤O¯S©Ê©M¤¤«×²£ª«§í¨î©Ê¡C

 

¥H¤U¥|­Ó¦b¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus)µß»\ªº¤T­Óµo¨|´Á¦³°ª¬¡©Êªí²{¡A¦Ó¦bµß·F¥u¦³§C¬¡©Ê( Coprinus enzymes 1)¡GNADP-¨¦Ói»Ä²æ²B (NADP-GDH)¡B¨¦Ói»ÄÆQ¦X¦¨ (glutamine synthetase, GS)¡B³¾Ói»Ä¤AÂಾ (ornithine acetyl transferase, OAT) ©M³¾Ói»Ä®ò°ò¥ÒÂಾ (ornithine carbamyl transferase, OCT) ¡A¦Ó§¿¯À (urease) ¦bµß·F¦³¸û°ªªº¬¡©Ê¡A©M¦bÀç¾i¥Íªø®É«O«ù¤@©w²Õ¦¨«¬ (constitutive)¤ô¥­¡C

 

°£¤F¤ñ¬¡©Ê¡A¤ÏÀ³ªº¦³Ãö¥NÁª«¥ç¥X²{¿n»E±¡ªp (Coprinus metabolites ) (Moore et al., 1979) ¡CºëÓi»Ä (arginine) ©M§¿¯À (urea) ¦bµß»\¥X²{¿n»E¡C¦bÂA­«¤ñ¤W¡A§¿¯À¨S°lÀHµß»\µo¨|¦Ó§ïÅÜ¡A¦ý¦b°®­«¤ñ¤W¡A§¿¯Àªí²{2.5­¿ªº¼W¥[¡A¦P¼Ë¦a¡A±N¬¡ªº¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ¾á¤lªG²Õ´Á¡¤Á¤ù©ñ¦b¿ç®g¼Ð°Oªº(U-14C) ¡V ¥Ê®ò»Ä (citrulline) ¤¤¡Aµ²ªGµý©ú§¿¯À¦X¦¨¥u¦bµß»\¦Ó«Dµß¬`¥X²{¡A¦]¬°«áªÌ¦³°ªªº§¿¯À¬¡°Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A±ÀÂ_§¿¯À¦b²Ó­Mªº¿n»E¡A§l¤Þ¤ôªºº¯³z¡C³oºØ²Ó­M¿±¤j»Pµß»\ÀHµo¨|ªº§ÎºA§ïÅܦ³­«­nÃö«Y (¨£Chapter 5) (Moore et al., 1979)¡CÂùÌUĨۣ (Agaricus bisporus) ©M°¨«kµß(Lycoperdon) ªº¤l¹êÅé³£ªí²{§¿¯Àªº¿n»E¡A¦¹®É§¿¯À¬O³z¹L³¾®ò»Ä©P´Á (ornithine cycle)²£¥Íªº¡C¥t¥~¡A±N¦Ç»\°­³Êµß»\©ñ¶i(U-14C) ¡V¨¦®ò»Ä (glutamate)¤@¤p®É«á¡A22% ªº¿ç®g´N¤À§G¦b4 ¡V ®ò°ò¤B»Ä (4-aminobutyrate)¡A54% ¦bÄ«ªG»Ä (malate) ¡Bµ[¬Ä»Ä (succinate) ©MÂfÂc»ÄÆQ (citrate)¡A©M 6% ¦bºë®ò»Ä (arginine)¡A¦bµß¬`³¡¨ä¬Û¹ïªº¿@«×¬O: 38%¡B 35% ©M 2%¡C³o³£ªí©úµß»\©Mµß¬`³£¦³®Ä¦a¹B¥Î¨¦®ò»Ä²æßnÀô (glutamate decarboxylation loop) (TCA) ¡A¦ý¬O¡Aµß»\¿n»Eºë®ò»Ä (arginine) ¡A¥Nªí°ª¬¡ªº§¿¯À´`Àô (urea cycle) (Ewaze et al., 1978)¡C

 

¨ä¹ê¡A¦Ç»\°­³Êµß»\ªº±¡ªp¡A¥i¦bÀç¾i´Á»s³y¥X¨Ó¡C°ö¾i°òÂಾ§Þ³N (Stewart & Moore, 1974; Al-Gharawi & Moore, 1977) ªº¨BÆJ¬O¡G¥ý±Nµßµ·°ö¾i4 ¦Ü 5¤Ñ¡AµM«á¦¬Ã¬¡A²M¬~µßµ·¡A¦A©ñ¶iÆQ°ö¾i°ò¤¤¡A¤º¥u¦³100 mM¤þà¬»Ä (pyruvate) ¦Ó¨S¨ä¥L´á·½¡C µ²ªGµß®èªí²{¤j¶q NADP-GDH¡BGS¡BOAT©MOCTªº¬¡©Ê¦Ó´î¤Ö NAD-GDH ©M §¿ªº¬¡©Ê (Mycelium transfer)¡C¨ä¤¤ NADP-GDH©MGSªº¬¡°Êªí²{¥¿½u©ÊÃö«Y (¬Û¤¬Ãö«Y«Y¼Æ¬O0.94) ¡A³oÅã¥Ü¨âªÌªº¬Û¤¬½Õ±±¡C¦P¨Ç¡A¦b°ö¾i°òÂಾªº­º 5¤p®É¡ANAD-GDH ¤]¼W¥[40%ªº¬¡©Ê¡A¥u¦³¦b¸û«á®É´Á¡ANAD-GDH ªº¬¡©ÊÃÒ©ú¤p©óNADP-GDHªº¡C¦]¦¹¡A°­³Êªº NAD- ©M NADP -GDH ¤£¬O¤¬´f½Õ±±ªº¡C¦Ó¥B¡A©ñ®g©Ê¦P¦ì¯À¼Ð°O§Þ³Nªºµ²ªG¡A©M³¡¤À¤ÏÀ³·|³Q [¥³¤G]ÂOÓiÀô¤vଠ(cycloheximide) §í¨îªº¨Æ¹ê¡Aµý©ú¡GNADP-GDH ³J¥Õ½è¬O§Y®É¦X¦¨ªº (Jabor & Moore, 1984)¡A©M³o¥hªý¹K²{¶H¨S¦³°±º¢´Á¡C

 

¦b¦Ç»\°­³Ê(Coprinus cinereus)¤l¹êÅ駡¥iÀËÅç¨ì¤Tßn»Ä´`Àô¤§²§ÂfÂc»Ä²æ²B (NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase)¡Bµ[¬Ä»Ä²æ²B©MÄ«ªG»Ä²æ²Bªº¬¡©Ê(TCA) ¡C¦¹¥~¡A·í¤l¹êÅé­ì°òµo¨|®É¡Aµß»\¤ñµß¬`§t¸û¤Öªº®òÆQ°ò (ammonium)¡A¦Ó¥B®òÆQ°ò¤ô¥­¤£Â_°I´î (Ewaze et al., 1978; biochemistry)¡C ³oºØ¤j¶q¨x¿} (glycogen) ªº·s³¯¥NÁ©M·L¶qªº®òÆQ°ò±¡ªp¤Þ¾É¤F¤A»²¢Ï (acetyl CoA) ªº¿n»E¡A©M´£°ª TCA´`Àôªº¬¡©Ê¡C

 

 

¦Ç»\°­³ÊNADP-GDH¹ï®òÆQ°ò (ammonium) ªº Km ¬O 2mM¡A»·§C©óNAD-GDH¹ï®òÆQ°òªºKm (18.8 mM) ¡C¦]¦¹¡ANADP-GDH©MGS¦b¦Ç»\°­³Ê¤@°_²Õ¦¨®òÆQ°ò²M±½¨t²Î (ammonium scavenging system)¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦bµßÁ·¥~´ÞÅ骺¥Íª«´ú¸Õ¤¤ (Chiu & Moore, 1988a) ¡A¬JµM¥u¦³®òÂ÷¤l©ML-¨¦®ò»Ä (L-glutamine) ¤~¦³³oºØ¹ï¾á¤lªº¤À¤Æ§í¨î©Mªð¦^Àç¾i¥Íªø¼Ò¦¡ªº§@¥Î¡A ¥¿±`ªº¤l¹êÅéµo¨|¥²¶·«OÅ@¾á¤l¡A§K¨ü³oÃþ·s³¯¥NÁª«ªº¼vÅT¡A °­³Ê¾á¤l¦³«Ü°ª¦P¤Æ®òÂ÷¤lªº NADP-GDH¬¡©Ê (Elhiti et al., 1987) ¡AMoore et al. (1997) µo²{ NADP-GDHªº¬¡©Ê¦b®Ö°t®É¥X²{¡A¦b´î¼Æ¤Àµõ®É´£¤É¡A«O«ù¤ô¥­ª½¦Ü¾áÌU¤l¥X²{©M¦¨¼ô¡C

 

Àô¸¢»Ä (cAMP)

 

¥¿¦]¬°Àô¸¢»Ä¦b½L°òºô¬`µß (Dictyostelium discoideum) ¤Þ°_¸sÅé»E¶°©Mµo¨|­PªG¤lÅé (sorocarps) (Newell, 1978)¡A ¤j²³«K¶°¤¤µJÂI¬ã¨sÀô¸¢»Ä¦b¨ä¥L¥Íª«ªº§@¥Î¡CKuhad et al. (1987) ´ú¶q¦Ç»\°­³Ê¾á¤lªG¦U²Õ´ªºÀô¸¢»Ä©M¨x¿}§t¶q (Coprinus cAMP) ¡Aµo²{¡G¾á¤lªG­ì°ò¦³³Ì°ªªºÀô¸¢»Ä§t¶q (¬ù 90 pmol mg-1 dry wt)¡C ¦p¥H¾á¤lªG§@³æ¦ì¡A ³Ì°ªªºÀô¸¢»Ä§t¶q´N¦b¾á¤lªG²Ä¤Tªºµo¨|¶¥¬q (¾á¤l¤w§¹¦¨´î¼Æ¤Àµõ¡A¨Ã¥Bªø¥X¾áÌU¤l)¡AµM«á¨³³t°I·L¡C¾á¤lªG¦U²Õ´ªº°®­«ÀHµo¨|¶¥¬q¦Ó¦³¤£¦PªºÅܤơA ¦ý¬O¨äÀô¸¢»Ä§t¶q±q¤£¶W¶V¤l¹êÅé­ì°òªº50%¤ô¥­ (Coprinus cAMP)¡CÂù®Öµßµ·¦b 9¤Ñ37oC°ö¾i¤U¡A Àô¸¢»Ä§t¶q¥Ñ0.5 ´£¤É¦Ü 2.9 pmol mg-1¡A¦ý¾á¤lªG­ì°ò¹ï¤ñÀç¾iµßµ·¦³30­¿ªº»¼¼W (Coprinus cAMP) ¡C·í¾á¤lªG¦¨¼ô®É¡A Àô¸¢»Ä©M¨x¿}§t¶q³£¦P®É¼W¥[¡C³oºØÀô¸¢»Ä©M¨x¿}ªº¥­¿ÅÃö«Y¤]¦b¾á¤lªG²Õ´¤¤¥X²{¡C µM¦Ó¡A Àô¸¢»Äªº°I°h¤ñ¨x¿}ªº§ó¦­¥X²{¡A ³Ì«á¾á¤lªG§t¶q»PÀç¾iµßµ·ªº¬Û¦P¡C

 

 

¨ä¹ê¡AÀô¸¢»Äªº¿n»E³q±`¶H¼x¤@²b¯Ê¥F¸²µå¿}²{¶H¡A¦Ó°Êª«¬É¤¤Àô¸¢»Ä½Õ¸`¨x¿}ªº·s³¯¥NÁ¬O¡G³z¹L´£°ªÀô¸¢»Äªº¤ô¥­ (¨ó½Õ§í¨î¦X¦¨»P¬¡¤Æ¤À¸Ñ¨â¹Lµ{)¡A¥h¸Ñ¨M¸²µå¿}ªº¯Ê¥F¦Ó¦^´_¯à²ü¡C¦b¦Ç»\°­³Ê¤¤¡A ¥H¤Uµý¾Ú¡G °ö¾i°ò¤¤¸²µå¿}ªº¤ô¥­»PÀç¾iµßµ·Àô¸¢»Äªº¤ô¥­§e²{­t©ÊÃö«Y (Uno & Ishikawa, 1974)¡A Àô¸¢»Ä¹ï¨x¿}¦X¦¨ (Uno & Ishikawa, 1978)¡B ÁC»Ä¤Gà­ (Uno & Ishikawa, 1973b) ©MÁC»Ä¤Æ (Uno & Ishikawa, 1976) ªº¼vÅT¡A ÁÙ¦³¸¢»ÄÀô¤Æªº¦ì¸m (Uno & Ishikawa, 1975) ³£Åã¥Ü¦Ç»\°­³Ê©M°ªµ¥¯u®Ö¥Íª«Ãþ¦ü¡G °­³Ê¦bµ²¹ê®É¡A Àç¾iµßµ·³z¹LÀô¸¢»Äªº¦X¦¨¥h§í¨î¨x¿}¦X¦¨©M¬¡¤Æ¨x¿}ÁC»Ä¤Æ¦Ó½Õ±±¨x¿}§t¶q (Uno & Ishikawa, 1982)¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦b¾á¤lªGªºµo¨|´Á¶¡¡A¨x¿}©MÀô¸¢»Ä¥i¦P®É³B°ª¤ô¥­¡A ¦Ó¦b³Ì§CÀô¸¢»Ä¤ô¥­®É¡A ¦³¤j¶qªº¨x¿}®ø¯Ó (Coprinus cAMP) (Kuhad et al., 1987)¡C¨s³º³o¦p¦ó¸ÑÄÀ¡H

 

Àç¾iµßµ·­Y¯Ê¥F¸²µå¿}¡A ³Ì¨Î¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¬O¼W¥[±q°ö¾i°ò§l¦¬¸²µå¿}¡A ¦Ó«D¾a­°¸ÑÅ餺¦h¿}¡C¦]¦¹¡A Àô¸¢»Ä¨ë¿E¨x¿}ªº¿n»E¥i¯à¬Oªþ¥[¹ï¸²µå¿}¶Ç°e¨t²ÎªºÅܺc½Õ±±¡FÂǸɵ¹¸²µå¿} 6-ÁC»Ä¥h¥h°£Àô¸¢»Ä¹ï¨x¿}¦X¦¨ªº§í¨î (Moore & Devadatham, 1979; TajAldeen & Moore, 1982)¡CÀô¸¢»Ä¦b¦Ç»\°­³Ê¾á¤lªG¿n»Eªº¦ì¸m¡A´N¬O¾E²¾¨x¿}§@¹B¿é¦Ó¤£¬O¥ß§Y¨Ï¥Îªº¦a¤è¡F·í¦h¿}¬O¹L´ç¦s¦b¡B¨x¿}©MÀô¸¢»Ä¦P®É³B°ª¤ô¥­®É¡A ¦]¬°²Ó­M¤À¸Ñ¨x¿}¤]¦P®É¿é¥X²£«~¡A¦]¦¹¡A²Ó­M¹ê¯Ê¥F¸²µå¿}¡C³Ì«á¡M¦b¦¨¼ôªºµß»\¸Ì¨x¿}³Q§¹¥þ§Q¥Î¡A¼W¥[ªº¯à²ü¤j¤j´î§CÀô¸¢»Äªº¤ô¥­¡Cµ²½×¬O¡GÀô¸¢»Ä (cAMP) ­t³dºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¹B¿é¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¨x¿}­°¸Ñªº¯S©w¨¤¦â¡C

 

Water activity (¤ô¬¡¤O)

Water activity (¤ô¬¡¤O; Aw) ±M«ü¤ô¤À¦b²Ó­M¤º¥~¬¡°Ê¡A¥i¥Î¥H¤U¤½¦¡­pºâ¡G

RH = 100 x Aw

¨ä¤¤ Aw = P/Po

RH: relative humidity¬Û¹ïÀã«×¡FP =·»²Gªº»]µoÀ£ (vapour pressure) ¡F Po =¯Â¤ôªº»]µoÀ£¡C

¥t¥~¡A¤ô¬¡¤O (Aw) »P¤ôÀ£ (£k; ³æ¦ì¬° bar) ªºÃö«Y¬O¡G £k  = 1.37 x 103 ln Aw

¤@¯ë­­¨î¯uµß¥Íªøµo¨|ªºAw­È¬ù¬° 1.0¡A¦]¬°¤w¸g¨S¦³Àç¾iª«½è¥i³Q§Q¥Î¡CXerophilic fungi (³ß§ò¯uµß) ¥Í¬¡©ó 0.9 < Aw <0.98®É¡A Xerotolerant fungi (­@§ò¯uµß) ¥Í¬¡©óAw­È¬ù¬° 1.0®É¡AExtreme Xerotolerant fungi (¹½§ò¯uµß) ¥Í¬¡©óAw >0.97®É¡C¯uµß½Õ±±¦Û¨­ªº­ì¥Í½è·»½è (solute) ¿@«×¡A§Y§ïÅܺ¯³zÀ£ (osmotic pressure)¡A¥H¾AÀ³¥~¬ÉAw¡C¨ä¤¤±`¥Îªº·»½è¬O¦h¤¸¾J¡A¥]¬A¥ÌÅS¾J (mannitol) ©M®üĦ¿} (trehalose) (¨âªÌ¬°¥i·»©ÊºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«) ¡AÁÙ¦³¥Ìªo (glycerol)¡C

 

¥ÌÅS¾J (mannitol) ¿n»E

¥ÌÅS¾J¬O¤@¥i¿Ë©M·»½è¡A ·N«ä¬O¡G ²Ó­M¥i¤j¶qÀx¦s³oÃþ§C¤À¤l¡B¤¤©Êª«½è¡A ¦Ó¤£·|¤Þ°_§í¨î©Î¨ä¥LªºÄÌÂZ (Brown & Simpson, 1972; Brown, 1978)¡A ¦Ó¥ÌÅS¾Jªº¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó¨¤¦â¬O½Õ¸`º¯³zÀ£¡A ¥hºû«ù¤@°ª¤ºº¯³zÀ£¥h«Ø¥ßµÈ¤O¡A ©M·íÀô¹Ò¦³°ª¿@«×ªº·»½è©Mº¯³zÀ£®É¡A ¤´ºû«ù¤ôº¯¤J²Ó­MªºÀ£¤O (Lewis & Smith, 1967; Ellis et al., 1991)¡C

§Q¥Î®ð¬Û²GÅé¼hªRªk(GLC)­º¦¸µo²{­»Û£ (Lentinula edodes) ¥ÌÅS¾Jªº¦s¦b©M¼Æ¶q¡GÀç¾iµßµ·¥u¦³1%  (°®­«¶q)¡A µß¬`©Mµß»\«h§t20 ¡V 30%¡C ¬Û¤ñ¤U¡A ÂùÌUĨۣ (Agaricus bisporus) µß»\¾Ö¦³³Ì¤j¶qªº¥ÌÅS¾J (50%)¡A¦Ó¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) «h§ä¤£¨ì¥ÌÅS¾J ©Î NADP - ³sµ²¥ÌÅS¾J²æ²B(NADP-mannitol dehydrogenase, ¦¹­t³d¥ÌÅS¾Jªº¦X¦¨) (Rao &  Niederpruem, 1969; Tan & Moore, 1994) ¡C ¥ÌÅS¾J¦bÂùÌUĨۣ©M­»Û£¬Û«H¬O­t³d½Õ¸`º¯³zÀ£ªº¡AÃþ¦üªº¥\¯à¦b¦Ç»\°­³Ê¬O¥Ñ§¿¯À­t³dªº¡CÂùÌUĨۣ¨Ï¥ÎNADPH-³sµ²¥ÌÅS¾J²æ²B¥HªG¿} (fructose) ¬°©³ª«¦X¦¨¥ÌÅS¾J (Edmundowicz & Wriston, 1963) ¡A¦Ó ¾aPPP²£¥ÍNADPH ³oÁÙ­ì¤O¡C¡C­Y±q­»Û£¿n»E¥ÌÅS¾J¨Ó¬Ý¡A­»Û£ªº¸²µå¿}²§¤Æ³~®|»PÂùÌUĨۣ¬Û¦ü¡A³£¬O¥HPPP ¬°¥D (HMP)¡C

 

 

¥NÁªº§ïÅÜ¥h°t¦X§ÎºAµo¨|

 

±`¥Î­¹¥Î¯uµß¤¤¡A»ñ§ÀÛ£ (Pleurorus pulmonarius) ®e©ö¦b²³æªº°ö¾i°òµ²¹ê¡A´Nºâ¬O¤ô°ö¾i¤]¥i¥H¡A¦Ó¥B¥XÛ£¶g´Áµu¡A¬O¾A¦X§@¹êÅç¬ã¨sªº (Chiu & To, 1993 ; Chiu et al., 1998) ¡C¦Ó»ñ§ÀÛ£ (Pleurotus pulmonarius) ªº¥NÁ¡A»P¦Ç»\°­³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ©MÂùÌUĨۣ (Agaricus bisporus) µ¥¤£¤@¼Ë (metabolism) (Chiu & Moore, 1999)¡Aªí²{¯uµß¥Í¤Æ¤Wªº¦h¼Ë©Ê (metabolic diversity)¡C

»ñ§ÀÛ£¥XÛ£Á¢®É¡AÂà®òGOT  (Aspartate aminotransferase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-aspartic transaminase, AST, GOT) ©MÁC»Ä¤v¿}²§ºcPHI (Phosphohexose isomerase, PHI, GPI) ªº¤ñ¬¡©Ê¤U­°¦ýîÇÁY (aldolase) ¬¡©Ê´£¤É¡A³o³£¤Ï¬MÅ餺¯Ê´á¡AÁöµMºÒ¬y¶qÂ×´I (¦b°ª C:N¤ñ¨Ò±¡ªp)¡C¦¹¥~¡A³ÁªÞ¿}°ö¾i°òÁY´îµ²¹ê©Ò»Ý®É¶¡¡A¦Ü©ó¥Í¤Æ¤è­±¡A«h»P¸²µå¿}°ö¾i°òªºµß®è¦b¥XÛ£Á¢®É¤@¼Ë¡G³J¥Õ½è¥Í²£¶q¤U­°©M¤U½Õ  GOT¬¡©Êµ¥¡A§Y´á¥NÁ¦ӫDºÒ¥NÁ¤~¬O»¤¾É¤l¹êÅ骺¥X²{ (Chiu & Moore, 1999) ¡C¦Ó¾á¤lªGªºµß»\©Mµß¬`«O«ù§C¤ô¥­ªºPHIªº¤ñ¬¡©Ê¡A¤Ï¬MEMP³~®| (®¦§B¹y-ÁÚ­CÀN¤Ò-©¬¯Ç´µ³~®|) ¤£¬O¥D­nªº¿}»Ã¸Ñµ{§Ç¡A¬Û¤Ï¡A¾á¤lªGªºG6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) ©MGOT¬¡©Ê³£³B°ª¤ô¥­¡Aµý©ú¡G»ñ§ÀÛ£Àç¾i¥Íªø´Á®É¡APPP (¥³¿}ÁC»Ä³~®|) ©MEMP ³~®|¦P¼Ë­«­n¡A¦ý¦b¾á¤lªG²Õ´¤¤¡APPP¤~¬O¥D¾É (Chiu & Moore, 1999)¡C

 

 

Àô¹ÒÅܼÆ

 

©³ª«ªº©Ê½è¡Bª«§Î (topography)

 

Trinci et al. (1979) ¬ã¨s­á¤g¤ò¾` (Mucor hiemalis) µßµ·ªºÁ³±Ûª¬¥Íªø¡A µo²{¡G°ö¾i°òªºÃ£¯×¿@«×¼vÅT¤ÀªKÀW²v©MºÞª¬²Ó­M¥Íªøªº¤è¦V¡A24¤p®É«áµßµ·¦b3%ã¯×©³ª«¤W¥X²{Á³±Û¥Íªø ¡CMadelin et al. (1978) ´£Ä³Á³±Û§Î¤§¥Íªø¬O¥Ñ©ó¥ÍªøÂI»P©³ª«§@¥Î¤Þ°_¾÷±ñ©Ê±ÛÂà¦Ó¦¨ªº¡A³o¨Ã¤£²o¯A¥Í²z§@¥Î¡C¦Ó¤ºÀô¹Òªº½Õ±±«h¥i¤Þ°_¤£¦Pªºµßµ·²Ó­M§ÎºA¡C¦Ó³\¦h¯f®`¯uµß¦b±µÄ²¨ì¸­­±ªºª«§Î¡A¤~·|¤À¤Æªþ­M(appressoria)¡C

½\ª«ªºù×µß (cereal rusts) ¤Þ­P¨C¦~ 10%ªº¹A§@²£ª«·l¥¢¡CÂùÌUù×µß (Puccinia graminis) ¬O¤@±M©Ê(obligate)ªº¬¡­¹ (biotrophic) ¯f®`µß¡A±H¥D¬O¤p³Á¡CÅé¥~ÀR¤î°ö¾i¤U¡AÂùÌUù×µß (Puccinia graminis) ¨ü¸­ªº©ö´§µoªº (volatile) ¤v²m¾JÃþ¥NÁª« (hexenol)¡G¤Ö©ó 10 mM ªºcis-3-hexen-1-ol©M¤Ö©ó1 mMªºtrans-2-hexen-1-ol»¤µoªþ­Mªº¤À¤Æ¡A¦Ó¨ä¥L¯uµß¦p¡G Magnaporthe grisea (the rice blast fungus) ªºªþ­M¤À¤Æ°T®§¤À¤l¬O¡G¤A²m(ethylene) ¡B¨¤½è³æÅé (cutin monomers: 1,16-hexadecanediol, cis-9-octadecen-1-ol & hexadecan-1-ol)¡CÂùÌUù׵ߪºªþ­M¦b¸­®ð¤Õ (stoma)¤W«h§eÂù·¥ (bipolar) §ÎºA¡A­Y¦b¥­­±¤W¡AªÞºÞ¬O³æ¤@·¥©Êªº (unipolar) (Collins et al., 2001) ¡C

 

 

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¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ³q±`µo¥Í©óµßµ·ªø¨ì°ö¾i°òÃä½t©Î¹J¨ì»Ùꪫ®É¡A ³o´NºÙ¬°Ãä½t®ÄÀ³ (edge effect)¡C¦Ó³Ì´¶¹Mªº¿ù»~¨£¸Ñ¬O¡G¦]¬°°ö¾i®e¾¹¾À¬OÂX´²ªº»Ùê¡A¦]¦¹ ¤@¡u¤£ª¾¦Wªº°±¤î¥Íªøª«½è¡v·|¿n»E¾É­P²£¥Í¤l¹êÅé (Buston & Rickard, 1956)¡A ©Î±¡ªp·|¥O²£¥Í¤l¹êÅé§í¨îª«½è¥¢¬¡ (Chet et al., 1966; Chet & Henis, 1968)¡CRobinson (1926) À˵ø¤õµ·µß (Pyronema confluens) ªºÃä½t®ÄÀ³¡A©M»P¥ú©M´á·½Ãö«Y¡C¥Lªºµ²½×¬O¡G·í¥Íªø¨ü¨ìª«²z©Ê©Î¤Æ¾Ç©Êªýê¦Ó°±¹y®É¡A¥Í´Þ¾¹©x´N·|¥X²{¡CLysek (1976) ÂǤ£¦Pªº¤èªk¤Þ­P¬`ÌU´ß (Podospora anserina)µßµ·°±¤î©µªø¡AµM«á°O¿ý¤lÅnªGªº¼Æ¥Ø©M¤À§G¡C·í¨â­Ó¸s¸¨¥Íªø¦bÀç¾i¯Ê¥Fªº°ö¾i°ò©Î©ó100 mM ªG¿}°ö¾i°ò²K¥[¤s±ù¿}®É¡A¦b¬Û¹J½uªº¨â®Ç§ä¨ì§ó¦hªº¤lÅnªG¡CLysek (1976) ²M·¡«ü¥X¡GµL½×¬O·l¶Ë¡Bª«²z»Ùê¡B´î¤Ö¾i®Æ¨ÑÀ³©Î²K¥[ª«½è¡A¥u­n¬O¤Þ­P°±Àç¾i¥Íªø¡A¨º­Ó¦ì¸m´N¶i¦æ¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¡CHock et al. (1978) §óı¹î¨ì¤jÌUÁT´ßµßµ·ªº§½³¡¤j¶q¤ÀªK©M§Î¦¨¤l¹êÅ骺Ãö«Y¡F¯eÀç¾iµßµ·ªº«eºÝ¥Íªø¡A¾É­P«á­±ªº¦¨ªøµßµ·¶i¦æ¤ÀªK¡A³o´£°ªµßµ·±K«×¥h§Î¦¨¤l¹êÅé¡CÁÙ¦³¡A³o¨Ç¹êÅç³£«ü¥X¡G¥Íªø¨ü¨ìÄÌÂZ¤~¤Þ­P¤l¹êÅ骺¥X²{ (MacDonald & Bond, 1976)¡A ¥~¶¡¾i®Æ§ïÅܤޭP¤º¦b·s³¯¥NÁªº§ï¸ô¥h²£¥Í¤l¹êÅé¡C

 

³\¦h¯uµß¦b¨ü¨ì¾÷±ñ©Ê·l¶Ë®É¡A»¤µo¤l¹êÅé©Î¨ä¥L¦h²Ó­Mºc³y¡C¾á¤l¯uµßµõÁ·µß(Schizophyllum commune) ªº³æ®Ö¤l¹êÅé (monokaryotic fruit body) ´£¨Ñ¤@¤è«Kªº¹êÅç¨t²Î (Leonard & Dick, 1973; Stahl & Esser, 1976; Leslie & Leonard, 1979a, b)¡C¨Ãµo²{¥|­Ó©Î¥H¤Wªº±±¨î¿ò¶Ç¦]¤l¡C³Ì«á¡A¥L­ÌÁ`µ²¥|­Ó²Õ¦Xªº¿ò¶Ç¦]¤l¥h¾Þ±±³æ®Öµßµ·¥Í²£¤l¹êÅé¡A ¤G²Õ¬O¦V·l¶Ë§@¤ÏÀ³ªº¡A ¤@²Õ¦V»¤µo¤l¹êÅ骫½è§@¤ÏÀ³ªº¡A²Ä¥|²Õ¦³¨â­Ó°ò¦]¬O­t³d¦Ûµo¥Í²£³æ®Ö¤l¹êÅ骺¡C¥ÐÀYÛ£ (Agrocybe aegerita) ±±¨îµ²¹êªº°ò¦]¼Ò«¬³£¦P¼Ë«ü¥X¡G³\¦h¤£¦P¦Ó¥­¦æªº³~®|³£¥i»¤¾É¤l¹êÅ骺²£¥Í (Leslie & Leonard, 1979b; Esser & Meinhardt (1977)¡C

 

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¥ú¦b¤£¦Pªº¥Íª«¦³¤£¦Pªº®ÄªG¡A ¥]¬A¡G¼W¥[©Î´î¤Ö¤l¹êÅ骺¼Æ¥Ø¡B»¤µo©Î§í¨î¤l¹êÅ骺²£¥Í¤Î¼vÅT¤l¹êÅ骺µo¨|¥Íªø (Carlile,1970; Tan, 1978; Elliott,  1994)¡C¦³¨Ç¯uµß¦b¥ú·Ó¤U¡AÀô¸¢»Ä©M¤@¨Ç²æ²B³£¦³ÅܤơA°­³Ê¤l¹êÅé­ì°ò´N¬O¨ü¥ú¨ë¿E¤U¦¨ªø©M¤Þ°_´X¤B½è©MNADP-¨¦®ò»Ä²æ²Bªº¥Í²£ (Ishikawa & Serizawa, 1978)¡C

 

¥t¤@½ÆÂø¦]¯À¬O¶Â·tªº®É¬q·|¼vÅT¥ú¤ÏÀ³¡C³ÂÌU´ß(Gelasinospora reticulospora) ªºµßµ·»Ý­n¦Ü¤Ö¤£¶¡Â_ªº30¤p®É¶Â·t°ö¾i¤~·|Åܱo¹ï¥ú¦³¤ÏÀ³¡A¥u­n±N¶Â·t´Á´¡¤Jªñµµ¥~½u©ÎÂŦâ¥úªºÂ²µu·Ó®g¤¤¡A¤lÅnªG´N¤£·|²£¥Í (Inoue & Furuya, 1974)¡C°­³Ê´N§ó½ÆÂø; ¤l¹êÅé­ì°òªº¦¨¼ô­n¼ÉÅS¦b¥|©Î¤­¬q¥ú-·t§Ç¦C¤~¥i§¹¦¨ (Manachére, 1970; Kamada et al., 1978) ¡A¦Ó¥B¡A ¶Â·tªº¼ÉÅS©P´Á»P·Å«×¦³¤¬¸ÉªºÃö«Y (Lu, 1972,1974; Morimoto & Oda, 1974; Durand, 1983)¡C°­³Ê¤l¹êÅé­ì°ò¦pªG¦b¶Â·t¦¨ªø¡A µß¬`°ò³¡´N·|©µ¦ù§Î¦¨«C¥Õ¤l¹êÅé¡AºÙ¶Â·tªº¬` (dark stipes) (Tsusue,1969) ©Î¥¨¤jªº¬` (oversized stipes) (Lu, 1974) ©Mªøªº­]±ø¬` (long slender stalks) (Morimoto & Oda, 1973)¡CBuller (1931) ¥Îªº³N»y¬O°²®Ú (pseudorhiza)¡A¦Ó¥B¥Ü½d¥¦´N¬O¹ê¤ßªºµß¬`°ò¦b¶Â·t¤¤¦ù©µ¡F¦b¥¿±`ªºµo¨|¤¤¡A¥ú§í¨îµß¬`°òªº¦ùªø¦Ó¥B®e³\¥Íªø¯à¶q¶°¤¤§@µß»\ÂX±i©Mµß¬`¤W³¡ªº©µ¦ù¡C

 

¥ú¹ï¤@¨Ç¤lÅnªGªº¤£¦P²Õ´¥i²£¥Í¤£¦P®ÄÀ³¡C¥ú¨ë¿E¿j¤õµ·µß (Pyronema domesticum) ªº²£¤lÅnµßµ·²Ó­M¡B¤lÅn²Ó­M©M¤lÅnÌU¤l¦¨¼ô¡CÂù¹ï©Ê²Ó­M¡AµL©Ê²Õ´©M¹jµ·¥u»Ý­A·L¶q¥ú·Ó®g¡A¦ý¹L«×¥ú·Ó§í¨î³o¨ÇµL©Ê²Õ´©MÅnÌU¤lªº¦¨¼ô (Moore-Landecker, 1979a, b)¡C

¬JµM¤j³¡¥÷¯uµß³£¹ï¥úÃФ¤ªºªñµµ¥~½u©MÂŦâªiªø¦³¤ÏÀ³¡A ¬Û«H¥ú°T¸¹¨üÅé(³QºÙ¬°¯uµß¦â¯À¨t²Î)´N¦b²Ó­M½¤¤W (Gressel & Rau, 1983; Durand, 1985; Kihara & Kumagai,1994)¡CTrione & Leach (1969) ´£¨ú¤@¥H 310 nm¬°³Ì°ª§l¥úªiªøªºª«½è¡A¨ä«á»P¦¹Ãþ¦üªºª«½è¦b¨ä¥L¯uµß³£¦³µo²{¡A¯uµß²£ÌU§l¥ú¦â¯À(mycosporines) ¦P¼Ë¦a¦bÂźñ²Óµß©M´Æ¥Ö°Êª«³£¦³µo²{¡A¥\¯à¬O§l¦¬µµ¥~¥úªº¥ú«OÅ@¾¯¡C

 

¶À¯À (flavins) ªº§l¥úÃлPÂÅ¥ú¨üÅé¬Û¦ü (Carlile, 1970; Tan, 1978; Song, 1980)¡A ¦]¦¹¡A Tschabold (1967) ©M Schmidt (1980) ´ú¸Õ¶À¯À§í¨î¾¯©M®ñ¤Æ¾¯¹ï¥ú¤ÏÀ³ªº¼vÅT(Moore-Landecker, 1983)¡Aµ²ªGµo²{¡G²ÊÁWÌUµß(Neurospora crassa)¬ðÅܺتº¥ú¤ÏÀ³»P¶À¯À¶Ç¹Fªº¥úÁÙ­ì§@¥Î¦³Ãö«Y¡F¤@¦¸ªº¥ú°T¸¹±µ¦¬«á¡A¥ú¤ÏÀ³ªº²Ä¤@¨B¥ï¬O¡Gµv»ÄÆQÁÙ­ì (nitrate reductase) ®ñ¤ÆÁÙ­ì²Ó­M¦â¯Àb (cytochrome b) (Muňoz & Butler, 1975; Klemm & Ninnemann, 1978,1979¡FGressel & Rau,1983¡F German & Ninnemann, 1985)¡AµM«á±À°Ê³s¦êªº®ñ¤ÆÁÙ­ì©P´Á¥hÂX¤j¥úªº«f¿E©M·s³¯¥NÁ¡C®ñ¤ÆÁÙ­ì¤U´åªº¤ÏÀ³¦³¥i¯à²o¯A醌 (quinones) ©M×ô (phenols)¡A ³o¼Ë¡A¥i¸ÑÄÀ¬°¬Æ»ò³\¦h¯uµßªº¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ¤¤³£¥X²{×ô®ñ¤Æ (phenoloxidases) (Ross, 1982a, b)¡C·íµM¡A×ô®ñ¤Æ²£ª«¬O¦³¦â¯Àªº¡A©Ò¥H¡A³o¬¡©Ê¥i¯à¥Nªí¦³¦âªí¼h¡B¦³¦âÌU¤lªº²£¥Í¡C¥t¥~¡A×ô®ñ¤Æ¶i¦æ®ñ¤Æ§@¥Î (oxidation) ¡A¿n·¥®ø¯Ó¬¡®ñ (active oxygen species)¡A¦b¶Ë¡²Õ´¤W¡A×ô®ñ¤Æ´N¥i¯à­t³d«OÅ@§@¥Î¡A¨¾¤î®ñÀ£ (oxidative stress) ¤Þ°_ªº¯}Ãa¡C

 

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¥i»s³y¤l¹êÅ骺·Å«×½d³ò³q±`¤ñ¤ä´©µßµ·¥Íªøªº¸û¯U (Moore-Landecker, 1993) ¡C³\¦h¯uµßªº³Ì©y¤l¹êÅé¥Í²£·Å«×¤w³Q´ú©w¡A¤£¹L¡A¤£¦Pªºµß®è¥i¦³¤£¦Pªº³Ì°ª©M³Ì¨Î·Å«×¡A¦Ó¥B¡A¦b³\¦h±¡ªp¤U¤£¦Pµo¨|¶¥¬qªº¤l¹êÅé¹ï·Å«×ªº¤ÏÀ³¦³ÅܤơC§Ú­Ì±`¥Î§@¹êÅç©Î°Ó·~¥Í²£ªº´X­Ó¾á¤l¯uµß¡A¥¦­Ìªº°ö´Þ±ø¥ó­n¥]¬A·Å«×¤U½Õ (©M/©Î¤ñ¸û§CªºCO2¿@«×) (Chang & Hayes, 1978) ¡CÁöµM¦b³o¨Ç¨Ò¤l¤¤¡A ¯u¥¿ªº¾÷¨îÁÙ¥¼ª¾¡A¦ý¦³¥i¯à²o¯A·Å«×±Ó·Pªº³J¥Õ½è¡A¤]¥i¯à¬O¥Íªø¨ü¨ì¤zÂZªºµ²ªG (stress response)¡C³o¨Ã¤£¬O³æ»¡·Å«×¼vÅT¤Æ¾Çªº¤ÏÀ³¡A ¦]¬°¤£¾A¦Xªº·Å«×·|¤Þ°_·î§Îµo¨|¡A¨ü¼vÅTªºµo¨|¹Lµ{¥]¬A¡G»¤µo¤l¹êÅé¡B¤l¹êÅ馨ªø©M¯S©w¥\¯à¡C

 

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¤l¹êÅéµo¨|»Ý­n¦³®ñ·s³¯¥NÁ (ÂX¤j¿}»Ã¸Ñ§@¥Î©M¤Tßn»Ä´`Àô¬¡°Ê) ©M±j®ñªº¸Éµ¹¡C¦]¦¹¨}¦nªº³q­·»P¦¨¥\¥Í²£¤l¹êÅ馳Ãö«Y¡C

¥|ÌUÌUµß(Neurospora tetrasperma)«h»Ý­n§C®ñ (0.5% ®ñ)©ÎµL¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¥h¤À¤Æ²£Ånµ·¡A¦ý¤lÅnªGªº¦¨¼ô´N»Ý­n 5% ®ñ©M 1% ¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ (Viswanath-Reddy & Turian, 1975)¡CÁÙ¦³¡A°ªªº¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ«P¶iÂùÌUĨۣµß¬`©µ¦ù¡AµM¦Óµß»\ªºÂX±i´N¦b§Cªº¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¤¤µo¥Í (Lambert, 1933; Turner, 1977)¡CTurner (1977) µo²{¡GÂùÌUĨۣ¹ï CO2 ªº¤ÏÀ³³£·|©µ¦ùµß¬`¡F¨äµß»\¡Gµß¬`¤§¤ñ¨Ò¡A¥Ñ¦b CO2 ®Éªº 2.2¡G1 (ÂA­«) ©Î 2.4¡G1 (°®­«)¡A Åܦ¨·í CO2 »P KOH¤@°_®Éªº 2.6¡G1 (ÂA­«) ©Î 3¡G1 (°®­«)¡A ¥t¥~¡A CO2¥[³tµß»\ªºÂX±i©M¾áÌU¤l¦¨¼ô¡C¦Ó¥B Le Roux (1968) °O¿ýÂùÌUĨۣ¦b CO2¼vÅT¤U¡A¤U½Õ¨äµßÁ·©MµßÅ誺­«¶q¤ñ¨Ò¡A ªí¥ÜµßÁ·ªºµo¨|¨ü¨ì§í¨î¡CTurner (1977) ¤Þ­z Long & Jacobs (1974) ªºµo²{¡G¥~·½CO2¿@«×¹F22 ©M370 ppm ·|¨ë¿Eµßµ·ªº¥Íªø©Mµßµ·Ã·¯Áªø¶i°ïªÎªº½Æ»\¤g¡A ¥~·½CO2¿@«×¹F340-1,000 ppm·|¨ë¿E¨S¸g®ø¬rªº½Æ»\¤g¤¤µßµ·Ã·¯Áªø¥Xµßµ·§áµ²¡CTurner (1977) ´£Ä³CO2 ªº¼vÅT§ÎºA¥\¯à¬O¦³¥ÍºA·N¸qªº¡F¦o»{¬°¡G¨S¸g®ø¬rªº½Æ»\¤g¦]À³·L¥Íª«¬¡°Ê¦ÓÄÀ©ñCO2 ¡A°ªCO2¿@«×¨ë¿Eµß¬`©µ¦ù©M±NµßÁ·¼ÉÅS¦b¤j®ð¤¤¡C

µõÁ·µßªºÂù®ÖÀç¾iµßµ·¸s¸¨¦b´î¤Ö«eºÝ¥Íªø©M¼W¥[¨È«e³¡¦ìµßµ·ªº¥Íªø¤U§Î¦¨µßµ·§áµ²¡A °ªCO2¿@«×¨ë¿Eªø²Ó­Mªº²£¥Í¡F¦Ó³q­·©M¾A·íªº·Å«×»¤µoµßµ·¨³³tªº¤À¤Æ¡A §Î¦¨µu²Ó­M©M¤j¶q¾aªñ©M»E¶°ªº¤ÀªK (Raudaskoski & Viitanen,1982; Raudaskoski & Salonen,1984)¡C¦]¦¹¡A Raudaskoski & Salonen (1984) ´£¥X¡GµõÁ·µß¬O­°¸Ñ¤ì§÷ªº¡A¦Ó©I§l§@¥Î¥Í²£ªº CO2 ¦b¤ì§÷¸Ì¿n»E¡A·íµõÁ·µßµßµ·¥Íªø¨ì¹F¤ì§÷ªºªí­±¡A¤j®ðªºCO2¤ô¥­¤ñ¸û§C¡A ¦p¦¹¡A µßµ·±N¨³³t¤À¤Æ¡A §Î¦¨µu²Ó­M©M¤ÀªK¡A µ²¶°¦¨µßµ·§áµ²¡A ¦³«Ý¾A¦Xªº·Å«×©M·Ó©ú¥h»¤¾É¤l¹êÅ骺µo¨|¡C

Á`µ²¡A CO2¼vÅT¤l¹êÅ骺µo¨|¡C

 

 

Á`¬A¦UºØ¯uµßªº¬ã¨s¡A¥iµo²{¡G¤£¦PÀô¹Ò¦]¼Æ»¤µo¤£¦Pªº°T®§Âà¾É¨t²Î (signal transduction systems) ¡A¦ý¤U´å¦³¦@¦P¸ô®|¡A¥h¶i¦æ¬Y¤@¯S©wªº§ÎºAµo¨|¡C·íµM¡A¤@°T®§/¨ë¿E­n¹F¨ì¬Y¤@©w¶q (ºÙÁ{¬É­È¡Bthreshold level) ¤~»¤µo¡B¿E¬¡¤U´å¸ô®|ªº¶i¦æ¡A©Î¬O¡A¦P®É¦³¼Æ­Ó°T®§/¨ë¿Eªº¦s¦b¡A¦ý¦U¦Û¥¼¹FÁ{¬É­È¡A³oÁ`®Ä¯q¬O»¤µo§ÎºAµo¨|ªºµo¥Í (¾\Chapter 2)¡C

 

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©Ó»X»·ªF¤Î­»´ä°Ï¦@ÀÙ·|¤§µá¸Ê·s¬ã¨sªF¨È¾Ç¬ì°òª÷ªºÃÙ§U¡A¨Ï³o³¡¤¶²Ð¯uµß¥Í²z¡B¥Í¤Æ¡B¿ò¶Ç¡B²Ó­M¾Ç¡Bµo¨|©M§ÎºA¤Î¥ÍºAªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H¤¤¤å¥Xª©¡AµÛªÌ²`­PÁ·N! ¯S§O»ïÁÂW. Bro. Peter J. Nunn ¥ý¥Íªº¤ä«ù¡C

 

Acknowledgement

The authors are deeply grateful to The Freemasons¡¦ Fund for East Asian Studies by the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and the Far East, without which this publication would not have been possible. We are especially grateful to Mr. W. Bro. Peter J. Nunn, District Grand Secretary of the Fund for the kind support. 

 

°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm Reference

 

http://www.oldkingdom.org/

 

Collins, T. J., B. M. Moerschbacher & N. D. Read (2001) Synergistic induction of wheat stem rust appressoria by chemical and topographical signals. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 58, 259-266.

 

Moore, D. (1998) Fungal Morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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